Description

Diabetic retinopathy refers to diabetes-related complications that affect the retina and cause vision loss. This suite describes the structures of the eye, how they are affected by diabetes-associated hyperglycemia, and the prevalence of retinopathy among diabetic patients. The tests used to diagnose diabetic retinopathy and assess its progress are discussed, and the identifying pathological characteristics of proliferative and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy are illustrated. Also covered are treatment options for nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and associated complications, as well as surgical and pharmacological interventions for clinically significant macular edema.